R version 2.6.0 (2007-10-03)
Copyright (C) 2007 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
ISBN 3-900051-07-0

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> x <- c(-0.0188617052236618
+ ,-0.00480518696381852
+ ,0.0386604299596439
+ ,-0.108558199150346
+ ,-0.0342341157949376
+ ,0.0470709618031273
+ ,-0.00378593260964411
+ ,0.084908753384194
+ ,0.0216717154148097
+ ,0.0764535262723437
+ ,-0.0214701349220553
+ ,-0.00288912125847166
+ ,-0.0110750040363763
+ ,-0.0131796528909636
+ ,-0.0252908488260806
+ ,-0.0723209465011967
+ ,0.035583254480575
+ ,0.0682703692876727
+ ,-0.0212556897253976
+ ,-0.0449837816224749
+ ,0.0387402666693091
+ ,0.0505999046218331
+ ,0.0124994452158954
+ ,-0.0164536913959678
+ ,0.00337538175968105
+ ,-0.0310346549045335
+ ,0.00144469116877099
+ ,-0.0512908613724161
+ ,-0.003825501183449
+ ,0.0561771288521043
+ ,-0.0361660789107442
+ ,0.127052534137075
+ ,-0.0430000497266376
+ ,-0.00300482147163695
+ ,-0.0284425492263112
+ ,0.028552270866014
+ ,0.0672346139508214
+ ,-0.0231487087966499
+ ,0.00160225316569137
+ ,-0.0359537994734657
+ ,0.0626134330196644
+ ,-0.02262721585705
+ ,-0.0281902975621727
+ ,-0.0372562976633048
+ ,0.0801283787641748
+ ,0.0392978596059758
+ ,0.0433743926024704
+ ,0.00694555229977395
+ ,0.00178164632939194
+ ,-0.0556942121591666
+ ,0.00236425589354194
+ ,-0.0269163708685144
+ ,0.00628712124442563
+ ,0.0338350851264338
+ ,0.0903095429199688
+ ,-0.0104845911526373
+ ,0.00309375706670886
+ ,-0.0567838417208723
+ ,0.0261608296190736
+ ,0.00705041100420995
+ ,0.0149776155524088
+ ,-0.0163278603742414
+ ,-0.0120185263685339
+ ,-0.00638048949476752
+ ,0.0385711103907229
+ ,0.0732916611361229
+ ,0.0918216918380306
+ ,0.0391920798231936
+ ,0.0792929171874763
+ ,-0.0412888196720461
+ ,-0.0126660759823600
+ ,-0.0389329639109142
+ ,-0.0391534633552554
+ ,0.00865927349803817
+ ,-0.0366550619725453
+ ,0.00948017353160925
+ ,0.0282403016997684
+ ,-0.0245998776547136
+ ,-0.0405062485787519
+ ,0.0579704575275294
+ ,-0.0212434550014502
+ ,-0.00913346491345895
+ ,0.0713951189633145
+ ,0.0333026486107708
+ ,0.0273541497799685
+ ,0.00900169997204778
+ ,0.046362769940699
+ ,0.0214786912951184
+ ,-0.0391502769651846
+ ,0.00583943395571575
+ ,-0.0689344693008103
+ ,-0.045789995214643
+ ,0.0199823053845984
+ ,-0.0290597654043378
+ ,0.00468433591433152
+ ,0.00168585008920773
+ ,-0.0321491302845718
+ ,0.00876022617539829
+ ,0.0321908668323309
+ ,-0.0532497260755194
+ ,0.036189226577314
+ ,0.0244785447090322
+ ,0.0639802307638794
+ ,-0.0734871807180395
+ ,0.0278000207980543
+ ,-0.00819467423881322
+ ,-0.0115617093712317
+ ,0.0493591368131129
+ ,0.0177729429363333
+ ,0.05212603893352
+ ,-0.0215389488063387
+ ,0.0551258163993368
+ ,0.0313657098241115
+ ,-0.0162011713075296
+ ,0.0360045363634907
+ ,-0.0915895507553786
+ ,0.0592615564207261
+ ,0.105372426104259
+ ,0.0488645877985787
+ ,-0.00816410416000369
+ ,-0.00955522793648373
+ ,0.00879456045456353
+ ,-0.0153263431374198
+ ,-0.0662904810276389
+ ,0.0237068904542412
+ ,0.0886587441320772
+ ,-0.0451837643288755
+ ,0.0591687634000339
+ ,0.0876070888157847)
> ylimmax = ''
> ylimmin = ''
> main = 'Robustness of Central Tendency'
> #'GNU S' R Code compiled by R2WASP v. 1.0.44 ()
> #Author: Prof. Dr. P. Wessa
> #To cite this work: Wessa, P., (2007), Central Tendency (v1.0.2) in Free Statistics Software (v$_version), Office for Research Development and Education, URL http://www.wessa.net/rwasp_centraltendency.wasp/
> #Source of accompanying publication: Office for Research, Development, and Education
> #Technical description: Write here your technical program description (don't use hard returns!)
> geomean <- function(x) {
+ return(exp(mean(log(x))))
+ }
> harmean <- function(x) {
+ return(1/mean(1/x))
+ }
> quamean <- function(x) {
+ return(sqrt(mean(x*x)))
+ }
> winmean <- function(x) {
+ x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
+ n<-length(x)
+ denom <- 3
+ nodenom <- n/denom
+ if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40
+ sqrtn = sqrt(n)
+ roundnodenom = floor(nodenom)
+ win <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2))
+ for (j in 1:roundnodenom) {
+ win[j,1] <- (j*x[j+1]+sum(x[(j+1):(n-j)])+j*x[n-j])/n
+ win[j,2] <- sd(c(rep(x[j+1],j),x[(j+1):(n-j)],rep(x[n-j],j)))/sqrtn
+ }
+ return(win)
+ }
> trimean <- function(x) {
+ x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
+ n<-length(x)
+ denom <- 3
+ nodenom <- n/denom
+ if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40
+ sqrtn = sqrt(n)
+ roundnodenom = floor(nodenom)
+ tri <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2))
+ for (j in 1:roundnodenom) {
+ tri[j,1] <- mean(x,trim=j/n)
+ tri[j,2] <- sd(x[(j+1):(n-j)]) / sqrt(n-j*2)
+ }
+ return(tri)
+ }
> midrange <- function(x) {
+ return((max(x)+min(x))/2)
+ }
> q1 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- n*p;
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1]
+ }
> q2 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- (n+1)*p
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1]
+ }
> q3 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- n*p
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ if (f==0) {
+ qvalue <- data[i]
+ } else {
+ qvalue <- data[i+1]
+ }
+ }
> q4 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- n*p
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ if (f==0) {
+ qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2
+ } else {
+ qvalue <- data[i+1]
+ }
+ }
> q5 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- (n-1)*p
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ if (f==0) {
+ qvalue <- data[i+1]
+ } else {
+ qvalue <- data[i+1] + f*(data[i+2]-data[i+1])
+ }
+ }
> q6 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- n*p+0.5
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ qvalue <- data[i]
+ }
> q7 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- (n+1)*p
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ if (f==0) {
+ qvalue <- data[i]
+ } else {
+ qvalue <- f*data[i] + (1-f)*data[i+1]
+ }
+ }
> q8 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
+ np <- (n+1)*p
+ i <<- floor(np)
+ f <<- np - i
+ if (f==0) {
+ qvalue <- data[i]
+ } else {
+ if (f == 0.5) {
+ qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2
+ } else {
+ if (f < 0.5) {
+ qvalue <- data[i]
+ } else {
+ qvalue <- data[i+1]
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
> midmean <- function(x,def) {
+ x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
+ n<-length(x)
+ if (def==1) {
+ qvalue1 <- q1(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q1(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==2) {
+ qvalue1 <- q2(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q2(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==3) {
+ qvalue1 <- q3(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q3(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==4) {
+ qvalue1 <- q4(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q4(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==5) {
+ qvalue1 <- q5(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q5(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==6) {
+ qvalue1 <- q6(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q6(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==7) {
+ qvalue1 <- q7(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q7(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ if (def==8) {
+ qvalue1 <- q8(x,n,0.25,i,f)
+ qvalue3 <- q8(x,n,0.75,i,f)
+ }
+ midm <- 0
+ myn <- 0
+ roundno4 <- round(n/4)
+ round3no4 <- round(3*n/4)
+ for (i in 1:n) {
+ if ((x[i]>=qvalue1) & (x[i]<=qvalue3)){
+ midm = midm + x[i]
+ myn = myn + 1
+ }
+ }
+ midm = midm / myn
+ return(midm)
+ }
> (arm <- mean(x))
[1] 0.007248025
> sqrtn <- sqrt(length(x))
> (armse <- sd(x) / sqrtn)
[1] 0.003878686
> (armose <- arm / armse)
[1] 1.868681
> (geo <- geomean(x))
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log(x) : NaNs produced
> (har <- harmean(x))
[1] 0.05430973
> (qua <- quamean(x))
[1] 0.04447687
> (win <- winmean(x))
             [,1]        [,2]
 [1,] 0.007211502 0.003812804
 [2,] 0.007282070 0.003720736
 [3,] 0.007274026 0.003709967
 [4,] 0.007327845 0.003683784
 [5,] 0.007389564 0.003660433
 [6,] 0.007706229 0.003573111
 [7,] 0.007505956 0.003522003
 [8,] 0.007605741 0.003492731
 [9,] 0.007544308 0.003442933
[10,] 0.007725626 0.003349924
[11,] 0.007615600 0.003318981
[12,] 0.007343528 0.003273707
[13,] 0.007439061 0.003233916
[14,] 0.007271587 0.003161188
[15,] 0.007203654 0.003128171
[16,] 0.006955704 0.003051659
[17,] 0.006943896 0.003049972
[18,] 0.006807013 0.003024156
[19,] 0.006789830 0.002960542
[20,] 0.006720051 0.002928586
[21,] 0.006311317 0.002857229
[22,] 0.006087249 0.002820671
[23,] 0.006172637 0.002758101
[24,] 0.006468532 0.002702983
[25,] 0.006336914 0.002636692
[26,] 0.006592217 0.002575906
[27,] 0.006095927 0.002487559
[28,] 0.005265851 0.002380318
[29,] 0.005528457 0.002346464
[30,] 0.005801413 0.002294248
[31,] 0.005948275 0.002274592
[32,] 0.006286098 0.002234687
[33,] 0.005810184 0.002152954
[34,] 0.006048336 0.002118188
[35,] 0.005952705 0.002103684
[36,] 0.005524689 0.002044336
[37,] 0.005375484 0.002027498
[38,] 0.005749583 0.001921155
[39,] 0.006228121 0.001822452
[40,] 0.005394754 0.001725873
[41,] 0.005335867 0.001711534
[42,] 0.005477347 0.001668677
[43,] 0.006044287 0.001584314
> (tri <- trimean(x))
             [,1]        [,2]
 [1,] 0.007216543 0.003713304
 [2,] 0.007221745 0.003603299
 [3,] 0.007190110 0.003535554
 [4,] 0.007160289 0.003465157
 [5,] 0.007114880 0.003395683
 [6,] 0.007054308 0.003324987
 [7,] 0.006932428 0.003266774
 [8,] 0.006838894 0.003212682
 [9,] 0.006727494 0.003157938
[10,] 0.006620084 0.003105573
[11,] 0.006486799 0.003062020
[12,] 0.006360725 0.003017919
[13,] 0.006258151 0.002975044
[14,] 0.006142128 0.002932265
[15,] 0.006037006 0.002893804
[16,] 0.005933571 0.002854530
[17,] 0.005846824 0.002819702
[18,] 0.005757310 0.002780147
[19,] 0.005674641 0.002738215
[20,] 0.005589567 0.002698052
[21,] 0.005505755 0.002655832
[22,] 0.005447538 0.002616035
[23,] 0.005402345 0.002574503
[24,] 0.005349008 0.002533940
[25,] 0.005272838 0.002493320
[26,] 0.005201531 0.002453994
[27,] 0.005109531 0.002415137
[28,] 0.005044973 0.002380408
[29,] 0.005030640 0.002352465
[30,] 0.004998547 0.002322870
[31,] 0.004947020 0.002293513
[32,] 0.004882920 0.002260166
[33,] 0.004793133 0.002224564
[34,] 0.004727957 0.002192368
[35,] 0.004643047 0.002157118
[36,] 0.004558362 0.002115368
[37,] 0.004495405 0.002072734
[38,] 0.004437511 0.002021947
[39,] 0.004350175 0.001975713
[40,] 0.004223406 0.001933234
[41,] 0.004143031 0.001896464
[42,] 0.004059630 0.001850596
[43,] 0.003958364 0.001798402
> (midr <- midrange(x))
[1] 0.009247167
> midm <- array(NA,dim=8)
> for (j in 1:8) midm[j] <- midmean(x,j)
> midm
[1] 0.004356542 0.004882920 0.004882920 0.004882920 0.004882920 0.004436211
[7] 0.004882920 0.004882920
> postscript(file="/var/www/html/rcomp/tmp/12f3u1197041670.ps",horizontal=F,pagecentre=F,paper="special",width=8.3333333333333,height=5.5555555555556) 
> lb <- win[,1] - 2*win[,2]
> ub <- win[,1] + 2*win[,2]
> if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(win[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(win[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax))
> lines(ub,lty=3)
> lines(lb,lty=3)
> grid()
> dev.off()
null device 
          1 
> postscript(file="/var/www/html/rcomp/tmp/2pphw1197041670.ps",horizontal=F,pagecentre=F,paper="special",width=8.3333333333333,height=5.5555555555556) 
> lb <- tri[,1] - 2*tri[,2]
> ub <- tri[,1] + 2*tri[,2]
> if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(tri[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(tri[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax))
> lines(ub,lty=3)
> lines(lb,lty=3)
> grid()
> dev.off()
null device 
          1 
> load(file='/var/www/html/rcomp/createtable')
> a<-table.start()
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,'Central Tendency - Ungrouped Data',4,TRUE)
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,'Measure',header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,'Value',header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,'S.E.',header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,'Value/S.E.',header=TRUE)
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', 'Arithmetic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Arithmetic Mean'),header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,arm)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean_standard_error.htm', armse, 'click to view the definition of the Standard Error of the Arithmetic Mean'))
> a<-table.element(a,armose)
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/geometric_mean.htm', 'Geometric Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Geometric Mean'),header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,geo)
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/harmonic_mean.htm', 'Harmonic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Harmonic Mean'),header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,har)
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/quadratic_mean.htm', 'Quadratic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Quadratic Mean'),header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,qua)
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> for (j in 1:length(win[,1])) {
+ a<-table.row.start(a)
+ mylabel <- paste('Winsorized Mean (',j)
+ mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/')
+ mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(win[,1]))
+ mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')')
+ a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/winsorized_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Winsorized Mean'),header=TRUE)
+ a<-table.element(a,win[j,1])
+ a<-table.element(a,win[j,2])
+ a<-table.element(a,win[j,1]/win[j,2])
+ a<-table.row.end(a)
+ }
> for (j in 1:length(tri[,1])) {
+ a<-table.row.start(a)
+ mylabel <- paste('Trimmed Mean (',j)
+ mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/')
+ mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(tri[,1]))
+ mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')')
+ a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Trimmed Mean'),header=TRUE)
+ a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1])
+ a<-table.element(a,tri[j,2])
+ a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1]/tri[j,2])
+ a<-table.row.end(a)
+ }
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/median_1.htm', 'Median', 'click to view the definition of the Median'),header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,median(x))
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midrange.htm', 'Midrange', 'click to view the definition of the Midrange'),header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midr)
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_1.htm','Weighted Average at Xnp',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[1])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_2.htm','Weighted Average at X(n+1)p',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[2])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_3.htm','Empirical Distribution Function',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[3])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_4.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Averaging',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[4])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_5.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Interpolation',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[5])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_6.htm','Closest Observation',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[6])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_7.htm','True Basic - Statistics Graphics Toolkit',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[7])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
> mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_8.htm','MS Excel (old versions)',''),sep=' - ')
> a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,midm[8])
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.row.start(a)
> a<-table.element(a,'Number of observations',header=TRUE)
> a<-table.element(a,length(x))
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.element(a,'')
> a<-table.row.end(a)
> a<-table.end(a)
> table.save(a,file="/var/www/html/rcomp/tmp/3r0zc1197041671.tab") 
> 
> system("convert tmp/12f3u1197041670.ps tmp/12f3u1197041670.png")
> system("convert tmp/2pphw1197041670.ps tmp/2pphw1197041670.png")
> 
> 
> proc.time()
   user  system elapsed 
  1.216   0.355   1.375