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RES CT 2

R Software Module: rwasp_centraltendency.wasp (opens new window with default values)
Title produced by software: Central Tendency
Date of computation: Tue, 25 Dec 2007 06:05:50 -0700
 
Cite this page as follows:
Statistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, Office for Research Development and Education, URL http://www.freestatistics.org/blog/date/2007/Dec/25/t1198586790mmws3e15dfj6602.htm/, Retrieved Tue, 25 Dec 2007 13:46:30 +0100
 
User-defined keywords:
Klaas Van Pelt
 
Dataseries X:
» Textbox « » Textfile « » CSV «
-0.506989902325989 4.88007967776828 1.21450068211499 27.8822644132403 4.36393480418803 4.34429314520993 4.85539101306677 2.66600851392888 8.28051837137848 6.23163376152634 -11.5390085155369 2.5510634563959 -3.04357152011076 8.33849793902137 11.7379487483667 3.45419323762339 -0.239377514124032 9.83139985460656 10.1425640912454 -9.96997686691292 -4.44916496608482 -4.43964945807339 11.9792892361410 -1.1892576028676 1.45333082023549 6.27326711354841 9.12179838003651 17.0318887661480 -6.03374596043278 9.71377174099858 -8.90439512965544 7.16319380546682 9.1117742507198 8.76751672914546 6.97897193233582 -0.624146779536742 1.34246749269283 -3.12035782536661 -1.81407113460095 3.84116987188008 -12.9504916860743 3.61395105319151 -11.7422028926221 5.1768015413771 4.84220949961766 -14.4563471903241 -1.80167294853758 13.0423515103157 -5.66647260942664 6.18049057913837 -4.90386336830106 -15.5576336716000 16.1110295774597 5.6008016787895 3.31811629022567 -3.68261900199427 -2.33060796595063 11.2985182313596 2.17465492335024 23.5820079889651 -9.27235736301466 -13.5159367678475 -9.00833983509705 0.630633628292465 -6.44449127383928 4.95739032793351 4.52795971406281 15.0746061480379
 
Text written by user:
 
Output produced by software:


Summary of compuational transaction
Raw Inputview raw input (R code)
Raw Outputview raw output of R engine
Computing time3 seconds
R Server'Herman Ole Andreas Wold' @ 193.190.124.10:1001


Central Tendency - Ungrouped Data
MeasureValueS.E.Value/S.E.
Arithmetic Mean2.30113977633661.062808159216122.16515064960907
Geometric MeanNaN
Harmonic Mean-24.4687641149534
Quadratic Mean8.99865787498859
Winsorized Mean ( 1 / 22 )2.254096100704261.03775197436942.17209521771711
Winsorized Mean ( 2 / 22 )2.089104665400130.9794368276456452.13296519635869
Winsorized Mean ( 3 / 22 )2.073424631271520.9645309033103152.14967153893714
Winsorized Mean ( 4 / 22 )2.083534358567420.9354788520514872.22723833253769
Winsorized Mean ( 5 / 22 )1.949044633520590.9029475481708442.15853582798789
Winsorized Mean ( 6 / 22 )1.993688990089640.8562781847860342.32831926062419
Winsorized Mean ( 7 / 22 )2.040658888808280.8372363965048322.43737479322127
Winsorized Mean ( 8 / 22 )2.020022066562460.8221712505350172.45693590629441
Winsorized Mean ( 9 / 22 )1.880785523738150.794627857529752.36687589783842
Winsorized Mean ( 10 / 22 )2.19677664420540.718114244929343.05909075013761
Winsorized Mean ( 11 / 22 )2.244192661819870.7032919959691733.19098279901117
Winsorized Mean ( 12 / 22 )2.204539718886470.675696660828563.2626174534934
Winsorized Mean ( 13 / 22 )2.348416284379340.650589101739253.60967664244791
Winsorized Mean ( 14 / 22 )2.371154112746790.6242454654534133.79843225777304
Winsorized Mean ( 15 / 22 )2.278616624045470.6096425177238893.73762747479084
Winsorized Mean ( 16 / 22 )2.443099186030460.5788737095786864.22043555546613
Winsorized Mean ( 17 / 22 )2.304333338709460.5160116712635374.46566127674386
Winsorized Mean ( 18 / 22 )2.275894511918980.5060129688996734.49769996383279
Winsorized Mean ( 19 / 22 )2.277922687979010.4482529421375585.08177966912255
Winsorized Mean ( 20 / 22 )2.417600181898890.4236251479688185.70693263487947
Winsorized Mean ( 21 / 22 )2.405634815386880.4209359090739835.71496696653664
Winsorized Mean ( 22 / 22 )2.416222782990770.366881427060846.58584110497938
Trimmed Mean ( 1 / 22 )2.184134455291640.9861568015961762.21479429210085
Trimmed Mean ( 2 / 22 )2.109800207040740.923260807311192.28516166865689
Trimmed Mean ( 3 / 22 )2.121149375037210.8861826166792972.39358043716269
Trimmed Mean ( 4 / 22 )2.139178722682030.8482598047774422.52184379200107
Trimmed Mean ( 5 / 22 )2.155488277681140.8133703415077922.65006992225138
Trimmed Mean ( 6 / 22 )2.205624591262980.7814719214321172.82239774811228
Trimmed Mean ( 7 / 22 )2.250104902620350.7563092023879922.97511242163365
Trimmed Mean ( 8 / 22 )2.289232179925900.7302472783474513.13487259426209
Trimmed Mean ( 9 / 22 )2.334997899197690.7013984021721363.32906076199563
Trimmed Mean ( 10 / 22 )2.406494291631130.6716702419337973.58285084166097
Trimmed Mean ( 11 / 22 )2.437496030815810.6535893178994133.72940004382222
Trimmed Mean ( 12 / 22 )2.464654355385480.6335918699604393.88997156093461
Trimmed Mean ( 13 / 22 )2.499749187294080.6139292061697584.07172221515533
Trimmed Mean ( 14 / 22 )2.519538874598320.5940352010216684.24139658771908
Trimmed Mean ( 15 / 22 )2.538505347917690.5737722182511484.42423886547701
Trimmed Mean ( 16 / 22 )2.571232076109000.549532668132444.67894308239619
Trimmed Mean ( 17 / 22 )2.587248687368820.5246059788048444.93179413102208
Trimmed Mean ( 18 / 22 )2.622613105951240.507237101626385.17038895132518
Trimmed Mean ( 19 / 22 )2.666273965940490.4843415519548285.5049457457847
Trimmed Mean ( 20 / 22 )2.715912851093460.4686497571807575.79518672415728
Trimmed Mean ( 21 / 22 )2.754922969372750.452551105138566.0875400326981
Trimmed Mean ( 22 / 22 )2.802049148878780.426842226274126.56460157032189
Median3.38615476392453
Midrange6.16231537082015
Midmean - Weighted Average at Xnp2.40810961052988
Midmean - Weighted Average at X(n+1)p2.58724868736882
Midmean - Empirical Distribution Function2.40810961052988
Midmean - Empirical Distribution Function - Averaging2.58724868736882
Midmean - Empirical Distribution Function - Interpolation2.58724868736882
Midmean - Closest Observation2.40810961052988
Midmean - True Basic - Statistics Graphics Toolkit2.58724868736882
Midmean - MS Excel (old versions)2.57123207610900
Number of observations68
 
Charts produced by software:
http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2007/Dec/25/t1198586790mmws3e15dfj6602/18pfd1198587945.png (open in new window)
http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2007/Dec/25/t1198586790mmws3e15dfj6602/18pfd1198587945.ps (open in new window)


http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2007/Dec/25/t1198586790mmws3e15dfj6602/2t5nm1198587945.png (open in new window)
http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2007/Dec/25/t1198586790mmws3e15dfj6602/2t5nm1198587945.ps (open in new window)


 
Parameters (Session):
par1 = 60 ; par2 = 1 ; par3 = 0 ; par4 = 0 ; par5 = 12 ;
 
Parameters (R input):
par1 = 60 ; par2 = 1 ; par3 = 0 ; par4 = 0 ; par5 = 12 ;
 
R code (references can be found in the software module):
geomean <- function(x) {
return(exp(mean(log(x))))
}
harmean <- function(x) {
return(1/mean(1/x))
}
quamean <- function(x) {
return(sqrt(mean(x*x)))
}
winmean <- function(x) {
x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
n<-length(x)
denom <- 3
nodenom <- n/denom
if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40
sqrtn = sqrt(n)
roundnodenom = floor(nodenom)
win <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2))
for (j in 1:roundnodenom) {
win[j,1] <- (j*x[j+1]+sum(x[(j+1):(n-j)])+j*x[n-j])/n
win[j,2] <- sd(c(rep(x[j+1],j),x[(j+1):(n-j)],rep(x[n-j],j)))/sqrtn
}
return(win)
}
trimean <- function(x) {
x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
n<-length(x)
denom <- 3
nodenom <- n/denom
if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40
sqrtn = sqrt(n)
roundnodenom = floor(nodenom)
tri <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2))
for (j in 1:roundnodenom) {
tri[j,1] <- mean(x,trim=j/n)
tri[j,2] <- sd(x[(j+1):(n-j)]) / sqrt(n-j*2)
}
return(tri)
}
midrange <- function(x) {
return((max(x)+min(x))/2)
}
q1 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p;
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1]
}
q2 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n+1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1]
}
q3 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
}
}
q4 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
}
}
q5 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n-1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1] + f*(data[i+2]-data[i+1])
}
}
q6 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p+0.5
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
qvalue <- data[i]
}
q7 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n+1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
qvalue <- f*data[i] + (1-f)*data[i+1]
}
}
q8 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n+1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
if (f == 0.5) {
qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2
} else {
if (f < 0.5) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
}
}
}
}
midmean <- function(x,def) {
x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
n<-length(x)
if (def==1) {
qvalue1 <- q1(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q1(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==2) {
qvalue1 <- q2(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q2(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==3) {
qvalue1 <- q3(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q3(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==4) {
qvalue1 <- q4(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q4(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==5) {
qvalue1 <- q5(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q5(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==6) {
qvalue1 <- q6(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q6(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==7) {
qvalue1 <- q7(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q7(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==8) {
qvalue1 <- q8(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q8(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
midm <- 0
myn <- 0
roundno4 <- round(n/4)
round3no4 <- round(3*n/4)
for (i in 1:n) {
if ((x[i]>=qvalue1) & (x[i]<=qvalue3)){
midm = midm + x[i]
myn = myn + 1
}
}
midm = midm / myn
return(midm)
}
(arm <- mean(x))
sqrtn <- sqrt(length(x))
(armse <- sd(x) / sqrtn)
(armose <- arm / armse)
(geo <- geomean(x))
(har <- harmean(x))
(qua <- quamean(x))
(win <- winmean(x))
(tri <- trimean(x))
(midr <- midrange(x))
midm <- array(NA,dim=8)
for (j in 1:8) midm[j] <- midmean(x,j)
midm
bitmap(file='test1.png')
lb <- win[,1] - 2*win[,2]
ub <- win[,1] + 2*win[,2]
if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(win[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(win[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax))
lines(ub,lty=3)
lines(lb,lty=3)
grid()
dev.off()
bitmap(file='test2.png')
lb <- tri[,1] - 2*tri[,2]
ub <- tri[,1] + 2*tri[,2]
if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(tri[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(tri[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax))
lines(ub,lty=3)
lines(lb,lty=3)
grid()
dev.off()
load(file='createtable')
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Central Tendency - Ungrouped Data',4,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Measure',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Value',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'S.E.',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Value/S.E.',header=TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', 'Arithmetic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Arithmetic Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,arm)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean_standard_error.htm', armse, 'click to view the definition of the Standard Error of the Arithmetic Mean'))
a<-table.element(a,armose)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/geometric_mean.htm', 'Geometric Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Geometric Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,geo)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/harmonic_mean.htm', 'Harmonic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Harmonic Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,har)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/quadratic_mean.htm', 'Quadratic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Quadratic Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,qua)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
for (j in 1:length(win[,1])) {
a<-table.row.start(a)
mylabel <- paste('Winsorized Mean (',j)
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/')
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(win[,1]))
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')')
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/winsorized_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Winsorized Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,win[j,1])
a<-table.element(a,win[j,2])
a<-table.element(a,win[j,1]/win[j,2])
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
for (j in 1:length(tri[,1])) {
a<-table.row.start(a)
mylabel <- paste('Trimmed Mean (',j)
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/')
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(tri[,1]))
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')')
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Trimmed Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1])
a<-table.element(a,tri[j,2])
a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1]/tri[j,2])
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/median_1.htm', 'Median', 'click to view the definition of the Median'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,median(x))
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midrange.htm', 'Midrange', 'click to view the definition of the Midrange'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midr)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_1.htm','Weighted Average at Xnp',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[1])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_2.htm','Weighted Average at X(n+1)p',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[2])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_3.htm','Empirical Distribution Function',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[3])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_4.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Averaging',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[4])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_5.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Interpolation',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[5])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_6.htm','Closest Observation',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[6])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_7.htm','True Basic - Statistics Graphics Toolkit',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[7])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_8.htm','MS Excel (old versions)',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[8])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Number of observations',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,length(x))
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable.tab')
 





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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License.

Software written by Ed van Stee & Patrick Wessa


Disclaimer

Information provided on this web site is provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and noninfringement. We use reasonable efforts to include accurate and timely information and periodically update the information, and software without notice. However, we make no warranties or representations as to the accuracy or completeness of such information (or software), and we assume no liability or responsibility for errors or omissions in the content of this web site, or any software bugs in online applications. Your use of this web site is AT YOUR OWN RISK. Under no circumstances and under no legal theory shall we be liable to you or any other person for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, exemplary, or consequential damages arising from your access to, or use of, this web site.


Privacy Policy

We may request personal information to be submitted to our servers in order to be able to:

We NEVER allow other companies to directly offer registered users information about their products and services. Banner references and hyperlinks of third parties NEVER contain any personal data of the visitor.

We do NOT sell, nor transmit by any means, personal information, nor statistical data series uploaded by you to third parties.

We carefully protect your data from loss, misuse, alteration, and destruction. However, at any time, and under any circumstance you are solely responsible for managing your passwords, and keeping them secret.

We store a unique ANONYMOUS USER ID in the form of a small 'Cookie' on your computer. This allows us to track your progress when using this website which is necessary to create state-dependent features. The cookie is used for NO OTHER PURPOSE. At any time you may opt to disallow cookies from this website - this will not affect other features of this website.

We examine cookies that are used by third-parties (banner and online ads) very closely: abuse from third-parties automatically results in termination of the advertising contract without refund. We have very good reason to believe that the cookies that are produced by third parties (banner ads) do NOT cause any privacy or security risk.

FreeStatistics.org is safe. There is no need to download any software to use the applications and services contained in this website. Hence, your system's security is not compromised by their use, and your personal data - other than data you submit in the account application form, and the user-agent information that is transmitted by your browser - is never transmitted to our servers.

As a general rule, we do not log on-line behavior of individuals (other than normal logging of webserver 'hits'). However, in cases of abuse, hacking, unauthorized access, Denial of Service attacks, illegal copying, hotlinking, non-compliance with international webstandards (such as robots.txt), or any other harmful behavior, our system engineers are empowered to log, track, identify, publish, and ban misbehaving individuals - even if this leads to ban entire blocks of IP addresses, or disclosing user's identity.


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