R version 2.9.0 (2009-04-17) Copyright (C) 2009 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing ISBN 3-900051-07-0 R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details. R is a collaborative project with many contributors. Type 'contributors()' for more information and 'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications. Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or 'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help. Type 'q()' to quit R. > x <- c(14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,14.84 + ,14.84 + ,15.57 + ,15.57 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,16.28 + ,16.28 + ,16.28 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,16.28 + ,16.28 + ,16.28 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,15.54 + ,16.28 + ,16.28 + ,15.54 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,15.51 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,16.25 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,15.51 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25 + ,16.25) > ylimmax = '' > ylimmin = '' > main = 'Robustness of Central Tendency' > #'GNU S' R Code compiled by R2WASP v. 1.0.44 () > #Author: Prof. Dr. P. Wessa > #To cite this work: AUTHOR(S), (YEAR), YOUR SOFTWARE TITLE (vNUMBER) in Free Statistics Software (v$_version), Office for Research Development and Education, URL http://www.wessa.net/rwasp_YOURPAGE.wasp/ > #Source of accompanying publication: Office for Research, Development, and Education > #Technical description: Write here your technical program description (don't use hard returns!) > geomean <- function(x) { + return(exp(mean(log(x)))) + } > harmean <- function(x) { + return(1/mean(1/x)) + } > quamean <- function(x) { + return(sqrt(mean(x*x))) + } > winmean <- function(x) { + x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)]) + n<-length(x) + denom <- 3 + nodenom <- n/denom + if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40 + sqrtn = sqrt(n) + roundnodenom = floor(nodenom) + win <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2)) + for (j in 1:roundnodenom) { + win[j,1] <- (j*x[j+1]+sum(x[(j+1):(n-j)])+j*x[n-j])/n + win[j,2] <- sd(c(rep(x[j+1],j),x[(j+1):(n-j)],rep(x[n-j],j)))/sqrtn + } + return(win) + } > trimean <- function(x) { + x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)]) + n<-length(x) + denom <- 3 + nodenom <- n/denom + if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40 + sqrtn = sqrt(n) + roundnodenom = floor(nodenom) + tri <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2)) + for (j in 1:roundnodenom) { + tri[j,1] <- mean(x,trim=j/n) + tri[j,2] <- sd(x[(j+1):(n-j)]) / sqrt(n-j*2) + } + return(tri) + } > midrange <- function(x) { + return((max(x)+min(x))/2) + } > q1 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- n*p; + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1] + } > q2 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- (n+1)*p + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1] + } > q3 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- n*p + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + if (f==0) { + qvalue <- data[i] + } else { + qvalue <- data[i+1] + } + } > q4 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- n*p + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + if (f==0) { + qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2 + } else { + qvalue <- data[i+1] + } + } > q5 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- (n-1)*p + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + if (f==0) { + qvalue <- data[i+1] + } else { + qvalue <- data[i+1] + f*(data[i+2]-data[i+1]) + } + } > q6 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- n*p+0.5 + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + qvalue <- data[i] + } > q7 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- (n+1)*p + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + if (f==0) { + qvalue <- data[i] + } else { + qvalue <- f*data[i] + (1-f)*data[i+1] + } + } > q8 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) { + np <- (n+1)*p + i <<- floor(np) + f <<- np - i + if (f==0) { + qvalue <- data[i] + } else { + if (f == 0.5) { + qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2 + } else { + if (f < 0.5) { + qvalue <- data[i] + } else { + qvalue <- data[i+1] + } + } + } + } > midmean <- function(x,def) { + x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)]) + n<-length(x) + if (def==1) { + qvalue1 <- q1(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q1(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==2) { + qvalue1 <- q2(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q2(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==3) { + qvalue1 <- q3(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q3(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==4) { + qvalue1 <- q4(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q4(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==5) { + qvalue1 <- q5(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q5(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==6) { + qvalue1 <- q6(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q6(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==7) { + qvalue1 <- q7(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q7(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + if (def==8) { + qvalue1 <- q8(x,n,0.25,i,f) + qvalue3 <- q8(x,n,0.75,i,f) + } + midm <- 0 + myn <- 0 + roundno4 <- round(n/4) + round3no4 <- round(3*n/4) + for (i in 1:n) { + if ((x[i]>=qvalue1) & (x[i]<=qvalue3)){ + midm = midm + x[i] + myn = myn + 1 + } + } + midm = midm / myn + return(midm) + } > (arm <- mean(x)) [1] 15.49085 > sqrtn <- sqrt(length(x)) > (armse <- sd(x) / sqrtn) [1] 0.03235582 > (armose <- arm / armse) [1] 478.7653 > (geo <- geomean(x)) [1] 15.48409 > (har <- harmean(x)) [1] 15.47734 > (qua <- quamean(x)) [1] 15.49760 > (win <- winmean(x)) [,1] [,2] [1,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [2,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [3,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [4,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [5,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [6,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [7,] 15.49085 0.032355825 [8,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [9,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [10,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [11,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [12,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [13,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [14,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [15,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [16,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [17,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [18,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [19,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [20,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [21,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [22,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [23,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [24,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [25,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [26,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [27,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [28,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [29,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [30,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [31,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [32,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [33,] 15.48965 0.032212554 [34,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [35,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [36,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [37,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [38,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [39,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [40,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [41,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [42,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [43,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [44,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [45,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [46,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [47,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [48,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [49,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [50,] 15.37463 0.022090495 [51,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [52,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [53,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [54,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [55,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [56,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [57,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [58,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [59,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [60,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [61,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [62,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [63,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [64,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [65,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [66,] 15.54463 0.002030838 [67,] 15.54463 0.002030838 > (tri <- trimean(x)) [,1] [,2] [1,] 15.49015 0.032272952 [2,] 15.48944 0.032183014 [3,] 15.48872 0.032085573 [4,] 15.48798 0.031980162 [5,] 15.48723 0.031866277 [6,] 15.48646 0.031743373 [7,] 15.48567 0.031610860 [8,] 15.48486 0.031468103 [9,] 15.48421 0.031336864 [10,] 15.48354 0.031195210 [11,] 15.48285 0.031042425 [12,] 15.48215 0.030877731 [13,] 15.48143 0.030700279 [14,] 15.48069 0.030509143 [15,] 15.48069 0.030303305 [16,] 15.47917 0.030081651 [17,] 15.47838 0.029842952 [18,] 15.47758 0.029585852 [19,] 15.47675 0.029308846 [20,] 15.47590 0.029010262 [21,] 15.47503 0.028688232 [22,] 15.47414 0.028340664 [23,] 15.47323 0.027965197 [24,] 15.47229 0.027559158 [25,] 15.47132 0.027119501 [26,] 15.47034 0.026642730 [27,] 15.46932 0.026124805 [28,] 15.46828 0.025561013 [29,] 15.46720 0.024945801 [30,] 15.46720 0.024272552 [31,] 15.46496 0.023533269 [32,] 15.46380 0.022718131 [33,] 15.46259 0.021814830 [34,] 15.46135 0.020807569 [35,] 15.46527 0.020563217 [36,] 15.46930 0.020288969 [37,] 15.47346 0.019981049 [38,] 15.47776 0.019635013 [39,] 15.48220 0.019245580 [40,] 15.48678 0.018806399 [41,] 15.49151 0.018309731 [42,] 15.49641 0.017745981 [43,] 15.50148 0.017103019 [44,] 15.50673 0.016365107 [45,] 15.51216 0.015511168 [46,] 15.51780 0.014511737 [47,] 15.52364 0.013323156 [48,] 15.52971 0.011875003 [49,] 15.53602 0.010037375 [50,] 15.54257 0.007502677 [51,] 15.54939 0.002677691 [52,] 15.54959 0.002694008 [53,] 15.54979 0.002710268 [54,] 15.55000 0.002726423 [55,] 15.55000 0.002742413 [56,] 15.55045 0.002758172 [57,] 15.55069 0.002773616 [58,] 15.55094 0.002788650 [59,] 15.55120 0.002803159 [60,] 15.55120 0.002817007 [61,] 15.55177 0.002830030 [62,] 15.55208 0.002842034 [63,] 15.55240 0.002852784 [64,] 15.55274 0.002861998 [65,] 15.55310 0.002869331 [66,] 15.55348 0.002874366 [67,] 15.55388 0.002876590 > (midr <- midrange(x)) [1] 15.56 > midm <- array(NA,dim=8) > for (j in 1:8) midm[j] <- midmean(x,j) > midm [1] 15.33485 15.33485 15.33485 15.33485 15.33485 15.33485 15.33485 15.33485 > postscript(file="/var/www/html/rcomp/tmp/1dyau1290437571.ps",horizontal=F,pagecentre=F,paper="special",width=8.3333333333333,height=5.5555555555556) > lb <- win[,1] - 2*win[,2] > ub <- win[,1] + 2*win[,2] > if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(win[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(win[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax)) > lines(ub,lty=3) > lines(lb,lty=3) > grid() > dev.off() null device 1 > postscript(file="/var/www/html/rcomp/tmp/2dyau1290437571.ps",horizontal=F,pagecentre=F,paper="special",width=8.3333333333333,height=5.5555555555556) > lb <- tri[,1] - 2*tri[,2] > ub <- tri[,1] + 2*tri[,2] > if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(tri[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(tri[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax)) > lines(ub,lty=3) > lines(lb,lty=3) > grid() > dev.off() null device 1 > > #Note: the /var/www/html/rcomp/createtable file can be downloaded at http://www.wessa.net/cretab > load(file="/var/www/html/rcomp/createtable") > > a<-table.start() > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,'Central Tendency - Ungrouped Data',4,TRUE) > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,'Measure',header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,'Value',header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,'S.E.',header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,'Value/S.E.',header=TRUE) > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', 'Arithmetic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Arithmetic Mean'),header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,arm) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean_standard_error.htm', armse, 'click to view the definition of the Standard Error of the Arithmetic Mean')) > a<-table.element(a,armose) > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/geometric_mean.htm', 'Geometric Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Geometric Mean'),header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,geo) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/harmonic_mean.htm', 'Harmonic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Harmonic Mean'),header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,har) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/quadratic_mean.htm', 'Quadratic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Quadratic Mean'),header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,qua) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > for (j in 1:length(win[,1])) { + a<-table.row.start(a) + mylabel <- paste('Winsorized Mean (',j) + mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/') + mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(win[,1])) + mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')') + a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/winsorized_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Winsorized Mean'),header=TRUE) + a<-table.element(a,win[j,1]) + a<-table.element(a,win[j,2]) + a<-table.element(a,win[j,1]/win[j,2]) + a<-table.row.end(a) + } > for (j in 1:length(tri[,1])) { + a<-table.row.start(a) + mylabel <- paste('Trimmed Mean (',j) + mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/') + mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(tri[,1])) + mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')') + a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Trimmed Mean'),header=TRUE) + a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1]) + a<-table.element(a,tri[j,2]) + a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1]/tri[j,2]) + a<-table.row.end(a) + } > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/median_1.htm', 'Median', 'click to view the definition of the Median'),header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,median(x)) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midrange.htm', 'Midrange', 'click to view the definition of the Midrange'),header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midr) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_1.htm','Weighted Average at Xnp',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[1]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_2.htm','Weighted Average at X(n+1)p',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[2]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_3.htm','Empirical Distribution Function',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[3]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_4.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Averaging',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[4]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_5.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Interpolation',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[5]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_6.htm','Closest Observation',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[6]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_7.htm','True Basic - Statistics Graphics Toolkit',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[7]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean') > mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_8.htm','MS Excel (old versions)',''),sep=' - ') > a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,midm[8]) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.row.start(a) > a<-table.element(a,'Number of observations',header=TRUE) > a<-table.element(a,length(x)) > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.element(a,'') > a<-table.row.end(a) > a<-table.end(a) > table.save(a,file="/var/www/html/rcomp/tmp/3xkkt1290437571.tab") > > try(system("convert tmp/1dyau1290437571.ps tmp/1dyau1290437571.png",intern=TRUE)) character(0) > try(system("convert tmp/2dyau1290437571.ps tmp/2dyau1290437571.png",intern=TRUE)) character(0) > > > proc.time() user system elapsed 1.061 0.370 2.169